History Ia 2013

A. Plan of the investigation The focus of the study is on the event of the Tiananmen Square Massacre and how the Chinese Communist Party government shocked the world. Moreover, the study focuses on the aftermaths and the international effects like how the United States decided how to deal with this violent act or how this event possibly encouraged protestors to fight against their corrupt government. This research paper will evaluate the extent of how international countries were affected by this event.Ranging from countries such as Germany to the United States, this investigation will encompass the mass effects and influences on other countries. Several of the sources used in the essay, include The Price of Heavenly Peace: Tiananmen Square 15 Years Later by Michael J. Thompson and a news article Where Capitalism Won, But Not Democracy interview of Robyn Meredyth about the Tiananmen Square Massacre. These sources will be identified for their origins, values, limitations, and credibil ity. B. Summary of Evidence On a night in June of 1989, the unthinkable happened.Otherwise known as the June Fourth Incident, the Tiananmen Square Massacre was the bloody result of seven weeks of continuous rebellion of Communist Party of China’s policies. â€Å"Perhaps thousands of people were killed in cold blood when the troops fired into crowds and army tanks ran over people† (Wong 2). Ranging from university students to faculty workers to intellectuals, this protest was executed mainly to promote freedom of speech and press, economic growth, help in education funds, and most importantly, a change towards democracy. After the tragic incident, societies began to question China’s motives and actions.The fight for democracy created great tensions between the people and the government. â€Å"†¦20 years later, China’s Communist Party remains solidly in power. It still suppresses dissent. In China, capitalism is championed, but democracy is still verb oten† (Meredith 2). Essentially this source discussed how even though the fight for democracy was lost by the people; China gained a severe change in the capitalistic features. For example, China’s Five-Year Plan was introduced before the Tiananmen Square incident, but the effect of the incident caused this plan to move towards a more industrialized turn.Eventually, China became known more for their capitalistic features than their infamous communist cover. The world-known Tank Man is said to have been one of the most influential figure of his time. â€Å"It all started with a man in a white shirt who walked into the street and raised his right hand no higher than a New Yorker hailing a taxi†¦Ã¢â‚¬  quoted James Barron, a writer for The New York Times (This newspaper article was published the day after the incident June 5, 1989). The descriptions of the tank man possibly lead to many historical events in the future.This demonstrated how if one lone individual has the courage to stand up against such a powerful government, why couldn’t a group do the same with their corrupt government in their countries? Over to the West of Asia, East and West Germany were suffering similar problems in that the two want to, once again, become one country. Shortly afterwards, the demolishing of the Berlin Wall began after protest which was deducted by the Tank Man’s courageous actions. Nearby locations such as Macau and Hong Kong have hundreds of thousands of protesters which disfavored the actions of the Communist Chinese Government.In Hong Kong, over 200,000 citizens protested in support of the brutal massacre. Because Hong Kong was still under British rule in 1989, they were afraid to be under Communist China’s rule, they were still scarred with fear in case of reunification with China. As a result of the terror, many Hong Kong citizens fled to other countries in hope to escape the confusion (On a side note, though Hong Kong is geograp hically in China, under British rule, the city is democratic). Though the international political effects of the massacre were definitely prominent amongst the countries, we must not forget the economic results of this event.Contrastingly, where democracy isn’t as prominent as in the United States, the Chinese weren’t as avid in protesting as the Hong Kong citizens were, but they viewed this incident as though it was a normal rebellion. In other words, the Chinese North Americans knew there would be a big turnout of events that will occur as a result of this protest. Other country’s views on China were significant to the economy in the foreign trading aspects because after this massacre, many of them feared that China would no longer be loyal to them. Major companies and corporations dislike doing business with suffering countries.At the time, China’s government and economy, have been slowly rising to become the leading nation, but due to this event, thei r growth was temporarily halted. Many worldwide companies were indecisive to whether or not they should help out their ally by encouraging trade once again which sparked China’s drive towards their capitalistic beginnings. After this event and ever since Google has been around, many citizens in China attempted to learn more about the Tiananmen Square Massacre, but to their disappointment, this searching capability is blocked â€Å"due to relevant laws, regulations and policies† (Thompson 8).Terms such â€Å"never forget† or â€Å"candle† have been censored in Chinese search engines in hope for the government to cover up their tracks. This action was very significant because although it helped China conceal information about the event so citizens wouldn’t dare question or further seek knowledge regarding the topic, other countries began hypothesizing the real reason behind China’s motives. C. Evaluation of sources Jan Wong is a Chinese-Canadi an who vacationed to Beijing. This interview was about a first-hand account of the witness of this event live from her balcony in a nearby hotel room.The vivid descriptions of her details make her account seem reliable enough to the point where an individual can distinguish her knowledge on this topic. Few people may question whether this is source is credible or not because she is part Chinese. Thompson carefully wrote his sources to depict the mysteries and after effects of China’s actions. Having visited the Tiananmen Square several times, Thompson writes in his research paper the great, vivid event that occurred that one night in 1989. He uses much data to support his claims between China and other foreign countries.Thompson sees the Tiananmen Square a burden to China’s progress in capitalistic development along with the rest of the world. China is known greatly for its censorship and how greatly they can cover up reasons that could probably allow other countries t o question their government. Gregory Clark, a former Australian diplomat who focuses on Chinese affairs, wrote an article in Japan Times stating that the Western culture was spreading a â€Å"myth† about the Tiananmen Square Massacre. This shows the extent of China’s power to censor what they feel should be heard and what should not.In order to protect the face of their government, even though there are eye-witness accounts of their wide-spread murder, the Chinese government had to take major precautions to ensure a sustainable relationship, economically and politically, with other international countries. D. Analysis In Jan Wong’s interview of her account in China during the Tiananmen Square Massacre, she mentions, â€Å"I wasn’t the only person watching; everybody on the street was watching† (Wong 3). Because Jan Wong was present during the time of the event, she witnessed the actions of the tank man.If any regular civilian were to see this event and be in complete awe of the actions of this courageous twenty year-old man, it reveals how there can be many more people in this world who might see the common man in a white T-shirt with plastic shopping bags. There are billions of people in this world and those who know about Tiananmen Square, and the millions that do, probably heard about the tank man. Though the tank man still remains anonymous after 23 years, this individual managed to influence the whole world not just on a social level, but also on an economic and political core.E. Conclusion This protest is considered one of the top 10 most influential protests along with the Boston Tea Party, Purple rain protests, and the Civil Rights March. The Tiananmen Square protest was originally meant to spread democracy in China and abandon communism. Through the years of peaceful protests, many lives were lost. After the Tiananmen Square incident though, countries from around the world were influenced by figures such as the Tank Man who had enough courage to step in front of the corrupted government in hope for it to change for the better.In addition to its efforts and outcomes, China’s capitalism is now becoming one of the leading nations in the world. The influence of Tank Man spread to East and West Germany which helped the taking down of the Berlin wall and once again uniting the two into one. F. Sources cited Conachy, James. â€Å"Ten Years since the Tiananmen Square Massacre. †Ã‚  World Socialist Web Site. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . This source was a political lesson for the knowledge of the working class.The website is rather significant to this Internal assessment because it discusses about parts of the aftermath, and more importantly its effect on capitalism. This particular source is a very straightforward and unbiased work. The majority of this website was dedicated solely on the history. Ranging from important political figures such as Deng Xiao Ping to Liu Bin Yan, this we bsite helped narrow down descriptions of many political movements. Meredith, Robyn. â€Å"Where Capitalism Won, But Not Democracy. †Ã‚  Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. .This source focuses mainly on the detailed history of Tiananmen Massacre. The significance of this article to the essay is the background information and just the overall gist and feels of this head-turning movement. After the description of the event, Meredith then discusses the major impacts the massacre had on the fall of the Berlin Wall. Tiananmen massacre is not only large event hoping to draw attention from the Chinese government, but little do they know that this movement called for revolutions all over the world. Overall, the source was significant because of its focus on detail of the actual event.Thompson, Michael J. â€Å"The Price of Heavenly Peace: Tiananmen Square 15 Years Later. â€Å"Michael J. Thompson. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . Similar to the article with â€Å"1 0 years†, the 15 year goes into more detail and begins to discuss more about the outside influence of different countries such as Russia. Also, Thompsons describes the influences on different beliefs all around the world. The article also talks about China’s original need for change which was the want for democratic power, but instead, they ended up as a capitalist country.This article helps provide the necessary information for the building blocks of repetitive reform. Wong, Jan. â€Å"Interview: Jan Wong [Witness of the Tank Man]. †Ã‚  PBS. PBS, 11 Apr. 2006. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. The interview with Jan Wong adds a whole new perspective to my knowledge on this topic. Her account may by the closest account because she was witnessing the event as it went on. As a third generation Chinese-Canadian, Wong recounts vivid details of her being in her hotel room nearby watching this protest take place. She describes in detail the horrific scene and the ominous area. AFTERM ATH AND LEGACY OF TIANANMEN SQUARE. †Ã‚  Facts and Details. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . This website is dedicated to the more recent news even those from post-2000. A wide-variety of articles should be used because it allows the readers to see the events from different aspects of time periods. A perspective from the 1990s as opposed to the one in 2005. This article focuses mainly on the point of views from this time period. For example, now that we’ve evolved more from the time of the event, we see the massacre in a whole new way.

Marketing Strategies for Luxury Brands Essay

New products are continuously launched into the luxury perfume market each year. DKNY’s recent addition to the perfume market is DKNY Pure. As a competitor intending to introduce a similar product into the luxury fashion brand perfume market, consumer behaviour has important implications for the design of a successful marketing strategy. This paper will outline which key factors marketers should attempt to influence in the design of a marketing strategy to introduce a new luxury brand perfume to the market. Through the use of product positioning, identifying buying groups and the target market, extensive advertising and operant conditioning marketers can manipulate the consumer decision-making process together with internal and external influences leading to consumer purchase behaviour. From a marketing perspective luxury fashion brands are defined in by features such as exclusivity, premium prices, excellent quality, distinctiveness, image, status and other aspirational characteristics (Fionda & Moore, 2009). For many consumers the purchase of luxury fashion brand perfume is a high-involvement and emotional decision (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). These purchases involve the use of extended decision-making with an extensive search of internal and external information and a considerable evaluation of alternative products available (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). An extensive advertising campaign should be used the major marketing strategy for the introduction of a new product in the luxury perfume market as it can be used to manipulate and influence consumer behaviour in a number of ways. Influencing the consumer decision-making process In order to influence the consumer decision-making process advertising can be used as external stimuli in order to trigger the first stage of the consumer decision making process; problem or need recognition. Advertising can influence consumer behaviour by affecting the consumer’s desired state or their existing state (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011), prompting the identification of perceived need or desire for a product. Strategic marketing campaigns such as preannouncements (for example through media releases or samples) can be used to influence consumer anticipation, attention and desire or perceived need prior to the launch of a new product such as a luxury perfume (Schatzel & Calantone, 2006). By understanding the motives which direct consumers to purchase products and the needs they are seeking to satisfy marketers can target their advertising more effectively (Kotler et al, 2007). For luxury brand perfume advertising can be used to highlight the emotional need of the consumer focussing on their â€Å"esteem needs† as described by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Kotler et al, 2007; Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Emotional self-esteem needs can be effectively used in advertising luxury brand perfume to women by including messages and visuals which suggest sophistication, elegance, love and confidence. Feeling and emotion significantly shapes consumer intentions for perfume with consumers visualising, imagining, estimating and assessing the perceived feelings gained from purchasing and using the product (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Perception Marketing efforts should focus on building customers perception of both the brand and the product. Perception is a significant internal factor in a consumers’ purchase decision for luxury brand perfume. The perception process involves processing information from exposure, attention and interpretation with meanings recorded as memory (Kotler et al 2007). Consumer perceptions can be manipulated through product positioning; in this case introducing a new perfume’s under the familiar luxury brand image will position it in the high-end perfume market creating a perception that it is a similar high-end product. Identifying the desired product position allows marketers to design strategies to develop the appropriate product image for that particular target market (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Perfumes are products that are comprised of both tangible and intangible characteristics designed to satisfy consumers. Perceptions of quality can be influenced by the tangible (intrinsic) characteristics of the product; for perfume this is the bottle and the package. Through the application of beautiful and clever product design and packaging marketers can manipulate consumer perception of the perfume and its image (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Intangible (extrinsic) characteristics such as price, store image or brand image also serve to influence the consumer’s perception of quality (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Setting higher prices for the perfume consistent with the product position and target market (Fionda & Moore, 2009) and stocking the perfume in high-end department stores are strategies that can be employed to infer quality and influence consumer perceptions of status. Brand image and brand awareness Brand leveraging strategies can be employed to capitalise on the brand equity of a familiar luxury brand by giving the brand name to a new product (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). By introducing a new perfume using an established luxury fashion brand (either as a product or line extension) marketers can increase consumer recognition and acceptance of new products (Wu & Lo, 2009) as well as making the most of the perceived intangible benefits associated with a positive brand image. A consumer’s positive perception of brand image of familiar luxury fashion brands has a significant effect on increasing purchase intentions of the products produced by those brands. The creation and usage of a strong brand image can be used by marketers to reduce uncertainty around product evaluation (or perceived purchase risk) whilst also increasing confidence in product quality (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Consumers view brand as an important part of a product which adds perceived value to the product (Wu & Lo, 2009; Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Launching a perfume under an existing familiar brand with a positive brand image can generate competitive advantage by increasing consumer’s interest and attention and resulting positive evaluation of a product (Fionda & Moore, 2009). Further, consumers are likely to give greater attention to a familiar brand and to engage more effort in processing information about a product with a familiar brand name (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Brand personality & celebrity endorsement Brand personality is a key factor in brand identity and is highly influential in the consumer decision making process as it relates to the desire to satisfy needs of self-esteem and belonging (Rajagopal, 2006). Consumers are motivated to purchase products from brands that reflect their own personality or that portrays personalities to which they aspire (Sirgy, 1982; Guthrie & Kim, 2009; Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). Celebrity endorsement is considered an effective strategy by marketers as a highly visible means of brand personality creation ((Rajagopal, 2006; Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). Endorsement by celebrities influences consumer behaviour through attracting increased attention, generating greater brand recall and recognition (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011; Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). Dean (1999, as cited in Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011) further posits that celebrity endorsement can also influence a consumer’s perceptions of product quality and distinctiveness. The effectiveness of using a celebrity to endorse a product will be enhanced if there is congruence between the celebrity’s image, the product (and brand) personality and the self-concept of the target market (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Market research should be conducted to determine perceptions of chosen celebrities to ensure they are credible and have attributes that coincide with the target market’s needs and desires (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011; Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). For the luxury brand perfume market such attributes should be based on attractiveness and image. Learning & operant conditioning Consumers learn about products through the knowledge and experience gained from purchase and consumption (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). By understanding how consumers learn about products marketers can include information to assist and influence the consumer decision-making process. Operant conditioning is highly effective marketing strategy used to influence consumer behaviour particularly in high involvement purchases such as perfume (Peter & Nord, 1982; Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Operant conditioning can shape positive reinforcement for consumer purchase intention (Amor & Guilbert, 2009). By trialling, using tester bottles and sample spray cards the product consumers are able to experience the perfume determine if they like the scent and if it smells good on their skin. Amor & Guilbert (2009) suggest that consumers are more likely to respond to new perfume samples than established ones. Marketers can provide free samples during related purchases to encourage product trial (Amor & Guilbert, 2009) which assists in capturing consumer attention and increasing product familiarity (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Placing samples in high-end fashion magazines will also assist with familiarity as well as perception of quality. Using free samples as promotional tools may also assist marketers in developing a positive attitude toward the sampled perfume product as well as toward to the brand (Amor & Guilbert, 2009). External influences A consumer’s purchasing behaviour is also influenced by social factors. By identifying the roles in the buying process marketers can incorporate this information in the product design and advertising message decisions (Kotler et al 2007). For women’s perfume the same person might play several roles in the purchasing decision. The purchaser will often be the initiator of the purchase, the decider who ultimately makes the purchasing decision and the user or wearer of the perfume (Kotler et al). Products such as perfume that are complementary to self-image are occasionally purchased by consumers as gifts for themselves. Marketers can target the fulfilment of self-gifting motivations by interspersing perfumes with other products such as cosmetics so that sales-staff might promote combining purchases (Mick, Demoss & Faber, 1992). Males may also be purchasers of women’s perfume as gifts. Identifying this group in the buying process will enable targeted marketing through the development of gift packs around peak gift periods such as Christmas, and Valentines Day. As shown in the above discussion through the use of extensive advertising campaigns marketers can influence consumer purchase intention through stimulating emotional need or desire for the new perfume product as well as creating attention and awareness. Identifying and establishing the product position and the roles in the buying process will enable marketers to design and direct advertising at the desired target segments. The use of an established luxury brand to launch the product can influence consumer’s perceptions of quality and status of the brand and by association the perfume. Whilst credible celebrities can be used in advertising campaigns to create or support brand personality influencing attention, increasing brand recognition and product recall as well as further addressing consumer’s desire for fulfilment of self-concept needs. Finally operant conditioning through the provision on free samples and testers will be used to shape consumer learning about the new product by positive reinforcement, as well as capturing consumer attention and further increasing brand awareness. By understanding the relevant influences of consumer behaviour to the new product marketers can incorporate this theory in order to manipulate the buying intentions and purchase behaviours of consumers and create a successful marketing campaign.

Essay on Women In The Odyssey - 803 Words

The literature composed during the era when the Odyssey was written was directed by men. Woman characters were valued but the only participated in affairs when they had the permission of men. The men, for the most part, directed the womens lives. The themes used in literature were on the subjects that men would be interested in; combat; warriors, and rulers. Domestic affairs, for the most part, were not noted. There is a immense contrast between the Odyssey and other epic poetry of the period. There are several women characters in the Odyssey. All of them add to plot in significant ways and they are also treated with admiration. The women of the poem change the lives of the gods and men, and how they link in significant ways to one†¦show more content†¦Although Penelope may not have absolute power without her husband, her cleverness gives her some space to distance herself from the suitors and to remain loyal to her husband. Athen, the goddess, has intelligence and independent through the entire poem. Athena also has compassion for Odysseus, devising the plan to help him return home because she feels sorry for him. Athena also guide Telemachus on his journey. You will not lack either courage or sense in the future, Telemachus, for we see now that there is a drop in you of your fathers fine spirit. .... There is hope for the future and I tell you that you will succeed. She guides Telemachos and Odysseus when they take revenge on their house. Calypsos trait is vanity, and she keeps Odysseus captive for seven years in order to fulfill her selfish desires. Despite her efforts and hospitality, Odysseus still longs for home as he sits each day by the rocky shore. After Hermes brought the message that Calypso must release Odysseus, Calypso tries to persuede Odysseus to stay. ..if you could only know how much suffering is in store for you before you get back to your own country, you would stay where you are, keep house along with me, and let me make you immortal, no matter how anxious you may be to see this wife of yours...Yet I flatter myself that I am no whitShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Odyssey1646 Words   |  7 PagesWomen form an important part of each society, however their role and importance to its function are often times overlooked. Society is/was organized and directed by men. All of the most important positions and purposes within it`s routine were filled by males. This societal organization is often times reflecte d in many pieces of literature of various time periods, however there are texts in which contrary to the patriarchal society models, women are given substantial importance within the plot. Homer`sRead MoreThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personality, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are different, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of women in Ancient Greece, a time where women were seenRead MoreThe Odyssey And Trojan Women1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween them Greek poet Homer and tragedian playwright Euripides explore many of the same themes in their works the Odyssey and Trojan Women (written by each respectively). Both works are inspired by the events of 12th Century BCE Trojan War that Homer previously explored in the Iliad. 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The World As We Know It Is Ending Essay - 1378 Words

The world as we know it is ending. We’re writing its future with man-made technology, but how does this affect the moral fiber connecting us? In technological advancement we, as a society, are presented with incredible ethical dilemmas. We use technology as a means to create the future, as it becomes more accessible, and we fall on ethics to predict and correct its advantages/disadvantages. Does the philosophical idea of morality, then, affect our advancement as a society? Exploring what we know about the technology we have, and imagining the technology we’re being promised, what will the future actually look like? Has history provided us with examples of how to approach these issues? Only our imagination can answer these questions because imagination is what produces both technology and ethical progress. However, the imagined intent in the creation of technology does not always represent the intent of its individual users. As the Washington Post puts its, â€Å"Each one of us knows the constant impulse in human beings to be exploitive, vile, greedy, lustful, distracted, and pursuing base vices? It abounds.† Is our only ethical obligation to adapt to the consequences of our technology or to prevent the consequences before they happen? Has our process always been to act first and think later? It is difficult to discuss todays technology without first considering the Industrial Revolution. In an effort to use the resources at hand in the 17th century, in a way that wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of Our Lives Intersects With God s Story914 Words   |  4 PagesThis Sunday we will wrap up a sermon series called â€Å"Storyline† in which we have explored how the narrative of our lives intersects with God’s story and helps to move the plot along. You can get caught up on the entire series here. This series has challenged me as I hope it has you. 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Boys are the knight and shining armor, they save us, or they are just what a women needsRead MoreThe Lottery Essay705 Words   |  3 Pages1. Were you surprised by the ending of the story? If not, at what point did you know what was going to happen? How does Jackson foreshadow the ending? Conversely, how does Jackson lull us into thinking that this is just an ordinary story with an ordinary town? 1. I. Was not really surprised by the ending to this story. I never really knew what was going to happen but I had a feeling that something bad was about to when Jackson wrote about the stones being gathered in huge piles. I also feel heRead MoreAre Happy Endings Possible? Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesWe learned the term â€Å"happy endings† or â€Å"happily ever after† as young children by watching the famous and well-told love stories created by Walt Disney. Disney movies were simply made to portray magical and imaginative stories that conclude in happy endings. As a child, watching films such as â€Å"Aladdin,† â€Å"The Little Mermaid,† and â€Å"Pocahontas,† all give off feelings of pleasure and happiness in which have lead children to believe that anything is possible. Disney love stories fulfill in the idea thatRead More1984 Personal Response Essay821 Words   |  4 Pagescan say I fear myself. While the question asked for the implicatio ns of the ending, for me to fully understand the ending I must start from the beginning. The concern about the truth of history and truth of the past, that the people in power are always watching you, and not being allowed to have real emotions except towards the government are all fears brought on in the novel, especially with the implications of the ending. As much as it sounds odd, our past is very much so in our present. The newspaper

Sociology Final Exam - 2061 Words

1.) Define social class. Identify three criteria used to conceptualize social class placement. 1.)Social class is a â€Å"class society, a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories†( Grant,2001,p.161). The most common being the upper, middle, and lower classes. The upper class consist of people or families that represent institutional leadership, heads of multinational corporations, foundations, and universities. They are people who have finical stability and are well educated due to their finical income. Most commonly in American society today people fall in the middle class category. Middle class is made†¦show more content†¦People are divided into different levels of social status according to their wealth. Wealth is usually associated with prestige, but not always. For example, a plumber makes more money than a professor, but a professor has more prestige than a plumber because a plumber is a blue collar worker. When coming up with the division between people there is a system that put individuals in place to categorize ones social stratification. Four major classifications of social stratification is slavery, caste, estate and class. These four major social stratifications come together and form some type of people systematically experience advantages in society while other types of people are systematically disadvantaged in our society. Some members of our society are thought of as haves, and others are thought of as have-nots. It determines who is socially advantaged and who is included among the ranks of the socially disadvantaged is based, in part, on certain characteristics these individuals possess and, in part, on how society values or devalues these characteristics. Slavery is the one characteristic that faces the most disadvantage. Slavery is a system of stratification in which one person owns another, as he or she would own property, and exploits the slave’s labor for economic gain. S laves are one of the lowest categories in any stratification system, as they possess virtually no power or wealth of their own. ManyShow MoreRelatedFinal Exam Questions On Sociology1284 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Exam Essays ïÆ'Ëœ Description of your Growth and Learning this Semester o When I decided to take sociology it was because I needed the course. I had very little knowledge about things we discussed throughout this class but I’ve learned a lot of new and interesting things from class discussions. I took helpful notes and facts from articles and the online readings. They have also really helped me and given me insightful information. 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Philippine Literature free essay sample

Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side-by-side with the country’s history. Literature had started with fables and legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of Spanish influence. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. It is not a secret that many Filipinos are unfamiliar with much of the countrys literary heritage, especially those that were written long before the Spaniards arrived in our country. This is due to the fact that the stories of ancient time were not written, but rather passed on from generation to generation through word of mouth. Only during 1521 did the early Filipinos become acquainted with literature due to the influence of the Spaniards on us. But the literature that the Filipinos became acquainted with are not Philippine-made, rather, they were works of Spanish authors. So successful were the efforts of colonists to blot out the memory of the countrys largely oral past that present-day Filipino writers, artists and journalists are trying to correct this inequity by recognizing the countrys wealth of ethnic traditions and disseminating them in schools through mass media. The rise of nationalistic pride in the 1960s and 1970s also helped bring about this change of attitude among a new breed of Filipinos concerned about the Filipino identity. Earliest works In 1593 Doctrina Christiana is the first book printed in the Philippines. The Doctrina Christiana is remarkable not only for having been printed at such an early period in an elaborated black letter of the Spanish language, but also for having copies made in Tagalog, both in Latin script and the commonly used Baybayin script of the natives at the time, plus another translation in traditional Chinese. In 1610 Tomas Pinpin wrote and printed the â€Å"Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla†, 119 pages long, designed to help fellow Filipinos to learn the Spanish language in a simple way. He is also with the first news publication made in the Philippines, Successos Felices. Tomas Pinpin was a printer, writer and publisher from Abucay, a municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines, who was the first Filipino printer and is sometimes referred as the Prince of the Filipino Printers. Archaic Writing System Compared to other Southeast Asian countries, the Philippines have very few artifacts that show evidence of writing, like the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. It is known that the Filipinos transferred information by word of mouth so it is not a surprise to know that literacy only became widespread in 1571 when the Spaniards came to the Philippines. But the early script used by the Filipinos called Baybayin (often mistaken by most Filipinos as Alibata, although this was deprived from Arabic, which had no influence on the Philippine language whatsoever, became widespread in Luzon. The Spaniards recorded that people in Manila and other places wrote on bamboo or on specially prepared palm leaves, using knives and styli. They used the ancient Tagalog script which had 17 basic symbols, three of which were the vowels a/e, i, and o/u. Each basic consonantal symbol had the inherent a sound: ka, ga, nga, ta, da, na, pa, ba, ma, ya, la, wa, sa, and ha. A diacritical mark, called kudlit, modified the sound of the symbol into different vowel sounds. The kudlit could be a dot, a short line, or even an arrowhead. When placed above the symbol, it changed the inherent sound of the symbol from a/e to i; placed below, the sound became o/u. Thus a ba/be with a kudlit placed above became a bi; if the kudlit was placed below, the symbol became a bo/bu. Pre-Colonial Period (BC to 1564) Owing to the works of our own archaeologists, ethnologists and anthropologists, we are able to know more and better judge information about Philippine pre-colonial times set against a bulk of material about early Filipinos as recorded by Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and other chroniclers of the past. Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase the Philippines rich past through their folk sayings, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances. The most seminal of these folk sayings is the riddle which is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilonggo and patototdon in Bicol. There are also proverbs or aphorisms that express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs or values by offering nuggets of wisdom in short, rhyming verse. The folk song is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the peoples lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive as in the childrens songs or Ida-ida (Maguindanao), tulang pambata (Tagalog) or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag). A few examples are the lullabyes or Ili-ili (Ilonggo); love songs like the panawagon and balitao (Ilonggo); harana or serenade (Cebuano); the bayok (Maranao); the seven-syllable per line poem, ambahan of the Mangyans that are about human relationships, social entertainment and also serve as tools for teaching the young; work songs that depict the livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers such as the kalusan (Ivatan), soliranin (Tagalog rowing song), the mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song, and the verbal jousts/games like the duplo popular during wakes. The folk narratives, such as epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They were created to explain the phenomena of the world long before science came to be known. They explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, the origins of things. Fables are about animals and these teach moral lessons. The epics come in various names: Guman (Subanon); Darangen (Maranao); Hudhud (Ifugao); and Ulahingan (Manobo). These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community. They are performed during feasts and special occasions such as harvests, weddings or funerals by chanters. Examples of these epics are the Lam-ang (Ilocano); Hinilawod (Sulod); Kudaman (Palawan); Darangen (Maranao); Ulahingan (Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo); Mangovayt Buhong na Langit (The Maiden of the Buhong Sky from TuwaangManobo); Ag Tobig neg Keboklagan (Subanon); and Tudbulol (Tboli). The Spanish Colonization Period (1565 to 1863) Colonial Literature (16th-18th Century) The arrival of the Spaniards in 1565 brought Spanish culture and language. The Spanish conquerors, governing from Mexico for the crown of Spain, established a strict class system that was based on race and soon imposed Roman Catholicism on the native population. Augustinian and Franciscan missionaries, accompanied by Spanish soldiers soon spread Christianity from island to island. Their mission was made easier by the forced relocation of indigenous peoples during this time, as the uprooted natives turned to the foreign, structured religion as the new center of their lives. The priests and friars preached in local languages and employed indigenous peoples as translators, creating a bilingual class known as Ladinos. The natives, called indios, generally were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Roman script in the Tagalog language. Pasyon, begun by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which has circulated in many versions. Later, the Mexican ballads of chivalry, the corrido, provided a model for secular literature. Verse narratives, or komedya, were performed in the regional languages for the illiterate majority. They were also written in the Roman alphabet in the principal languages and widely circulated. In the early seventeenth century a Tagalog printer, Tomas Pinpin, set out to write a book in Romanized phonetic script, which would teach Tagalogs the principles of learning Castilian. His book, published by the Dominican press where he worked, appeared in 1610. Unlike the missionarys grammar (which Pinpin had set in type), the Tagalog natives book dealt with the language of the dominant rather than the subordinate other. Pinpins book was the first such work ever written and published by a Philippine native. As such, it is richly instructive for what it tells us about the interests that animated Tagalog translation and, by implication, Tagalog conversion in the early colonial period. Pinpin construed translation in ways that tended less to oppose than to elude the totalizing claims of Spanish signifying conventions. Classical Literature (19th century) Classical literature (Jose Rizal, Pedro Paterno, Jesus Balmori, Huerta, Farolan, Licsi, Lumba, Castillo, etc. ) and historical documents (the national anthem, Constitucion Politica de Malolos, etc.) were written in Spanish, which is no longer an official language. Nationalism was first propagated in the Spanish language, especially in the writings of Marcelo H. Del Pilar or Plaridel in the La Solidaridad publications. In Cebu, the first Spanish newspaper, El Boletin de Cebu, was published in 1886. On December 1, 1846, the first daily newspaper, La Espera nza, was published in the country. Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). The first provincial newspaper was El Eco de Vigan (1884), which was issued in Ilocos. In Cebu City, El Boletin de Cebu (The Bulletin of Cebu) was published in 1890. La Esperanza (1846) The first daily which began publication in 1846. Diario de Manila (1848) It was the only newspaper that did not undergo banning by the Spanish officials. Founded 1848, the magazine existed for 38 years. El Catolico Filipino (1862) On February 1, 1862, the first religious newspaper by Fr. Pedro Pelaez. This paper precipitated the Cavite rebellion. Published by Mariano Sevilla, the paper carried the slogan Religious Unity and called on all Filipinos to unite under one church. Ironically, the church did not have a hand in the organization nor in the circulation of the paper. An organ of information based on Catholic principles. La Opinion (1887) Founded on April 1, 1887 and lasted up to 1890, was the first politics-oriented daily. It was considered the cheapest paper at that time costing 50 centavos for a months subscription. La Solidaridad and the Revolutionary Papers (1889) A fortnightly periodical published by Filipino emigres in Spain in 1889, became the vehicle through which nationalistic views were propagated. Its first editor was Graciano Lopez Jaena. Other revolutionary papers of the time include Kalayaan, La Libertad, La Independenda, La Republica Filipinas, La Revolucion, El Renacimiento, and La Vanguardia. Most revolutionary papers were published outside the country either in Madrid or Barcelona due to Spanish censorship Ang kalayaan(1896) was the official newspaper of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan, for short. It was founded and edited by Emilio D. Jacinto in the late 1800s Daily Express (1972) The only newspaper published by Juan Perez but reportedly owned by a Marcos crony, Roberto Benedicto, was the only existing print media at the onset of Martial Law La Illustration Filipino was a Spanish language newspaper published in Manila, Philippines, that ran during the last decade of the Spanish colonial era, and at times during the Philippine Revolution and the beginning of the 20th century under U. S. ruleIt was an illustrated weekly newspaper that covered a wide array of social related topics both local and international. Many personalities at the time, both Spanish and Filipinos, contributed articles and pictures, although the newspaper also published anonymous articles that in some cases raised a great deal of controversy. On 1863, the Spanish government introduced a system of free public education that increased the populations ability to read Spanish and thereby furthered the rise of an educated class called the Ilustrado (meaning, well-informed). Spanish became the social language of urban places and the true lingua franca of the archipelago. A good number of Spanish newspapers were published until the end of the 1940’s, the most influential of them being El Renacimiento, printed in Manila by members of the Guerrero de Ermita family. Some members of the ilustrado group, while in Spain, decided to start a Spanish publication with the aim of promoting the autonomy and independence projects. Members of this group included Pedro Alejandro Paterno, who wrote the novel Ninay and the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, who wrote excellent poetry and his two famous novels in Spanish: Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), and El Filibusterismo. Especially potent was La Solidaridad, more fondly called La Sol by the members of the propaganda movement, founded in 15 February 1885. With the help of this paper, Filipino national heroes like Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del Pilar were able to voice out their sentiments. Poetry and metrical romances †¢Ladino Poems – Were natives of first Tagalog versifiers who saw print: highly literate in both Spanish and the vernacular. Salamat nang walang hanga gracias se den sempiternas, sa nagpasilang ng talaal que hizo salir la estrella: macapagpanao nang dilim que destierre las tinieblas sa lahat na bayan natin de toda esta nuestra tierra. †¢Corridos – Were widely read during the Spanish period that filled the populaces need for entertainment as well as edifying reading matter in their leisure moments. †¢Awit – like corridos, these were also widely read during the Spanish period as entertaining, edifying, reading manner in their leisur e time. It is also a fabrication of the writers’ imagination although the characters and the setting may be European. The structure is rendered dodecasyllabic quatrains. ANG BUOD NG IBONG ADARNA Sa isang mapayapang kaharian ng Berbanya, may isang hari na ang pangalan ay si Don Fernando, ang kanyang asawa ay si Donya Valeriana. Sila ay may tatlong anak na lalaki. Ang pinakamatanda ay si Don Pedro, ang ikalawa ay si Don Diego at ang bunso ay si Don Juan. Isang gabi, samantalang natutulog si Don Fernando, nagkaroon sya ng isang masamang panaginip at sya ay nagkasakit. Ang kanyang panaginip ay tungkol kay Don Juan na sya daw ay inihagis sa isang balong malalim ng dalawang lalaki. Kinabukasan, ipinatawag ang lahat ng manggagamot sa Berbanya upang gamutin ang hari, ngunit walang makapagpagaling sa kanya. Hanggat isang ermitanyo ang dumating at nagsabi na ang tanging makapagpapagaling sa kanya ay ang pitong awit ng Ibong Adarna. Ang Ibong Adarna ay matatagpuan sa puno ng Piedras Platas sa Bundok ng Tabor. Isinugo ng hari ang kanyang dalawang anak na lalaki upang hanapin ang Ibong Adarna, ang una ay si Don Pedro at sumunod ay si Don Diego, ngunit sila ay nabigo sa paghahanap sa Ibong Adarna. Dahil sa Labis na pagod, sila ay nakatulog sa ilalim ng isang puno na kumikislap ang mga dahon na parang diamante. Kapag dumapo ang Ibong Adarna sa kalaliman ng gabi ito ay umaawit at pagkatapos ay umiipot. Nang mapatakan ng ipot ng ibong Adarna ang dalawang prinsipe, silay naging bato. Lumipas ang tatlong taon ngunit hindi na nakabalik ang dalawang prinsipe, dahil dito natakot si Don Fernando na isugo ang kanyang bunsong anak na si Don Juan dahil baka magkatotoo ang kanyang panaginip. Ngunit nagpumilit si Don Juan na hanapin ang Ibong Adarna. Samantalang si Don Juan ay naglalakbay upang hanapin ang ibon, nakita nya ang isang ketongin na humingi sa kanya ng pagkain. Dahil si Don Juan ay may magandang kalooban, ibinigay nya ang kanyang kahuli-hulihang baon na tinapay sa matandang lalaki na ketongin. Dahil dito, tinulungan sya ng ketongin kung papaano matatagpuan ang Ibong Adarna. Sinabi nito na mayroon isang maliit na bahay malapit sa bundok kung saan nakatira ang isang ermitanyo na magbibigay sa kanya ng kaalaman kung papano mahuhuli ang Ibong Adarna. At ibinilin din ng matanda na huwag syang hihimlay sa isang puno na kaiga-igaya ang anyo.

Rizal Retraction Josephine Bracken and Rizals Marriage Essay Example

Rizal Retraction Josephine Bracken and Rizals Marriage Essay Rizal was excommunicated by the Catholic Church when he joined the Masonry. Influenced by Miguel Morayta, a history professor at the Universidad de Madrid, Rizal joined Masonry, under the Gran Oriente de Espanol, adopting the Masonic name, Dimasalang. He was automatically excommunicated, expelled from the Catholic Church, a fate decreed for all Catholics becoming Masons since 1738 and reaffirmed by the CBCP in 1990. Some argued that Dr. Rizal wrote those anti-catholic passages on his letters, poems and novels during the times when he was still excommunicated from his Catholic faith. So, he was really an enemy of the Catholic Church of that time. But prior to his execution by firing squad, he wrote a retraction letter which in turn rejects all the things he wrote about the Roman Catholic Church. Catholic legend has it that as if fearing for his salvation, Rizal regained his faith on his last night thus leading to his retraction saying â€Å" I declare myself a Catholic; I wish to live and die as a Catholic; I retract with all my heart all that I have said, written and done against the Church and our Lord Jesus Christ. † We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Retraction Josephine Bracken and Rizals Marriage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Retraction Josephine Bracken and Rizals Marriage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Retraction Josephine Bracken and Rizals Marriage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Josephine BRACKEN Being a mason, Rizal and Josephine could not get married. Josephine and Rizal reunited for the last time at the latter’s cell in Fort Santiago on December 30, 1896. The couple were married in Catholic rites by Fr. Victor Balaguer two hours before Rizal’s execution at Bagumbayan. After his execution Josephine, accompanied by Paciano and Trinidad Rizal entered rebel territory in Cavite. They were received by Andres Bonifacio who received from the Rizals a copy of the hero’s last poem which would be known as the Mi Ultimo Adios.